Wall

Architectural terms

The wall mainly includes load-bearing wall and non-load-bearing wall, which mainly plays the role of enclosure and separation of space. The wall of a building with load-bearing structure is a combination of load-bearing and enclosure. The role of the wall of a building with skeleton structure system is to enclose and separate the space. The wall should have sufficient strength and stability, and have the ability of heat preservation, heat insulation, sound insulation, fire prevention and waterproof.
There are many kinds of wall, single material wall, composite material wall. It is an important task of building structure to design a reasonable wall scheme by considering factors such as enclosure, load-bearing, energy saving and aesthetics.

Definition

Walls are an important part of a building. Its role is to bear or enclose, separate space.

Design requirement
(1) It has sufficient bearing capacity and stability
(2) With heat preservation and heat insulation performance
(3) Sound insulation performance
(4) Meet the requirements for fire prevention
(5) Moisture-proof and water-proof requirements
(6) Requirements for building industrialization
Building Structure
(I) Structural requirements:
1. Transverse wall bearing scheme
2. Longitudinal wall bearing scheme
3. Mixed load-bearing scheme for vertical and horizontal walls
4. Semi-frame bearing scheme
5. Wall bearing capacity and stability.
6. Mixed wall and column bearing (inner frame structure)
(II) Functional requirements:
1. Thermal insulation requirements
2 Heat insulation Requirements
3. Sound insulation requirements
4. Other requirements (fire-proof, moisture-proof and waterproof building industrialization requirements)
classification
Classified by wall material

1. Brick wall

The bricks used for walls are common clay bricks, porous clay bricks, hollow clay bricks, burnt ballast bricks and so on. Clay bricks are made of clay and are divided into red and black bricks. Cinder bricks are steamed with hard slag from blast furnace and lime.

2. Aerated concrete block wall

Aerated concrete is a kind of light material, its composition is cement, sand, grinding slag, fly ash and so on, with aluminum powder as foaming agent, after steaming. Aerated concrete has the characteristics of light weight, sound insulation and good thermal insulation performance. This material is often used for non-load-bearing partition walls and filling walls of frame structures.

3. Stone wall

Stone is a kind of natural material, mainly used in mountainous areas and stone producing areas. It is divided into chaotic stone wall, whole stone wall and package stone wall.
4. Sheet wall
Plate to reinforced concrete plate, aerated concrete plate, glass curtain wall is also such.
5. Integral wall
The whole wall made on site within the frame, without brick joints, plate joints, the overall performance is outstanding, the main material is light aggregate reinforced concrete, the operation process is shotcrete process, the overall strength is slightly higher than other structures, coupled with reasonable site structure design, especially suitable for earthquake prone areas, large span plant construction and large commercial center partition.
Sort by wall position
The wall is generally divided into two parts according to the location of the external wall and the internal wall, and each part has two vertical and horizontal directions, so that a total of four kinds of walls are formed, namely, the longitudinal external wall, the transverse external wall (also known as the gable), the longitudinal internal wall and the transverse internal wall.
Classified by wall force
The wall can be divided into load-bearing wall and non-load-bearing wall according to the different stress conditions of the structure. Where directly bear the upper roof, floor from the load wall called load-bearing wall; The walls that do not bear the upper load are called non-load-bearing walls, which include partition walls, filling walls and curtain walls. The partition wall plays the role of separating indoor space, which should meet the requirements of sound insulation and fire prevention, and its weight should be borne by the floor or beam; The filling wall is generally filled between the column walls of the frame structure; Curtain walls are lightweight exterior walls suspended between exterior frames or floors. The external infill walls and curtain walls are subjected to wind and seismic loads.
Classified by wall structure
According to the different way of construction, it can be divided into solid wall, empty wall, composite wall. Solid wall: the wall without any gap built by single material (brick, stone, concrete and reinforced concrete, etc.) and composite material (reinforced concrete and aerated concrete layered composite, clay brick and coke slag layered composite, etc.); A cavity is left in an empty wall, such as an empty bucket wall. Composite wall: A wall made of two or more materials

Wall thickness determination

The thickness of brick wall is based on the length of our country standard clay brick as unit, the specification of our country’s current clay brick is 240mm×115mm×53mm (length × width × thick). Together with the ash seam thickness of 10mm, the brick specifications form a relationship of length: width: thickness =4∶2∶1. At the same time, there are 4 bricks long, 8 bricks wide and 16 bricks thick in 1m3 masonry, so the amount of bricks used in 1m3 masonry is 4×8×16=512 pieces, and the amount of mortar used is 0.26m3. The current wall thickness is determined by brick length, which is commonly used as follows:
Half brick wall: the drawing marks 120mm, the actual thickness is 115mm;
A brick wall: the drawing marks 240mm, the actual thickness is 240mm;
One brick half wall: the drawing marks 370mm, the actual thickness is 365mm;
Two brick wall: the drawing marks 490mm, the actual thickness is 490mm;
3/4 brick wall: The drawing marks 180mm, but the actual thickness is 180mm.
Other walls, such as reinforced concrete slab walls, aerated concrete walls, etc., should comply with the provisions of modulus. When reinforced concrete slab wall is used as load-bearing wall, its thickness is 160mm or 180mm; When used as a partition wall, its thickness is 50mm. Aerated concrete walls are often used for peripheral parapet walls of 200mm ~ 250mm, and for partition walls of 100mm ~ 150mm.

laying

The method of building brick wall refers to the arrangement and combination of bricks in masonry. In order to ensure the strength and stability of the wall, it should meet the basic requirements of horizontal and vertical, full mortar, staggered joints and lapping, avoiding through joints and so on.
One way, one way
This laying method is a layer of laying bricks, a layer of laying bricks, alternate arrangement, repeated combination. In the corner part to add 3/4 bricks (commonly known as seven points) for transition. This method is characterized by good lap joint, no through joint and strong integrity, so it is widely used.
Full cis
In this method, each skin is lined with bricks. Upper and lower leather left and right lap for half brick, it is only suitable for half brick wall.
It’s in sequence
This method of laying is made by alternating lining and tiding bricks. The wall thickness of this method is at least one brick wall. It has good integrity and the wall is beautiful.
multinomial
This kind of building method usually has three shun one Ding and five shun one Ding, its practice is every three PI shun brick or five PI shun brick plus a pidding brick overlapping. The problem with the method is that there is a through joint.

Detail structure

Cross beam
When the door and window openings are opened on the wall, in order to support the upper part of the hole of the masonry from the various loads, and these loads to both sides of the wall, often set on the door and window openings of the beam, that is, lintel. The load on the lintel is generally distributed in a triangle. For convenient calculation, the triangle can be converted into 1/3 of the width of the hole. The lintel only bears the load of the upper 1/3 of the width of the hole, so the section of the lintel is not big, and the reinforcement in the beam is less. Lintel can be generally divided into reinforced concrete lintel, brick arch (flat arch, arc arch and semicircular arch), reinforced brick lintel and so on.
Window sill
The lower part of the window opening should be provided with a sill. Window sills are divided into cantilevered window sills and non-cantilevered window sills. According to the installation position of the window, internal window sills and external window sills can be formed. The exterior window sills are to prevent water from accumulating at the bottom of the window holes and flowing indoors. The inner window sill is to eliminate the condensation on the window, to protect the indoor wall, and store things, put POTS and so on. The bottom of the window cornice, should be made into an acute Angle or semicircular groove (called “dripping”), easy to drain water, so as not to pollute the wall.
strangle
The part under the outer wall near the outdoor floor is called the leg. The role of the foot is to prevent the ground water, the eaves of the rain drop on the wall erosion, so as to protect the wall, ensure indoor dry, improve the durability of the building; At the same time, and beautify the appearance of the building. Stile is often made with cement mortar, brush stone or increase the thickness of the wall. The height of the leaser foot is generally the height difference between the indoor floor and the outdoor floor, and the height size of the leaser foot can also be increased according to the needs of the facade.
Damp proof course
The purpose of installing a moisture-proof course in the wall body is to prevent the moisture in the soil from rising along the wall body and the ground water at the stile part from affecting the wall body. Its function is to improve the durability of buildings, keep indoor dry health. The height of the moisture-proof course should be between the indoor floor and the outdoor floor, with the elevation equivalent to -0.060m, and the middle of the ground cushion is the best. There are horizontal moisture proof course and vertical moisture proof course; According to different material practices can be divided into waterproof mortar moisture-proof course, felt moisture-proof course and concrete moisture-proof course. Waterproof mortar moisture-proof course is generally used in seismic fortification areas.
Dispersing water
The loose water refers to the drainage slope near the lower part of the strangle foot. Its function is to quickly remove rainwater dripping from the eaves and prevent the building from sinking because of water infiltration into the foundation. The width of the water should be slightly larger than the eave size, and not less than 600mm. The slope of water dispersion is generally about 5%. The commonly used materials for dispersing water are concrete, brick, slag, etc.

Wall reinforcement

When the wall stability is reduced due to the influence of concentrated load, opening and earthquake, it is necessary to consider the reinforcement measures for the wall.
Add pilasters and door battlements
When there is a concentrated load on the wall between the Windows, and the wall thickness is not enough to bear the load; Or when the length and height of the wall exceeds a certain limit and affects the stability of the wall, pilasters are often added in appropriate parts of the wall body to improve the stiffness of the wall. When the door is opened on the wall and the door is opened at the corner of the two walls or the junction of the T-wall, in order to facilitate the placement of the door frame and ensure the stability of the wall, it is necessary to set the door stack on the corner of the door against the wall or on the side of the T-wall.
Ring beam setting
The ring beam is a continuous closed beam arranged along the outer wall and part of the inner transverse wall. The function of the ring beam with the floor can enhance the spatial stiffness and integrity of the floor plan, reduce the wall cracking caused by the uneven settlement of the foundation, and form the skeleton together with the constructional column to improve the earthquake resistance.
Anti-seismic measure
As the brick masonry is brittle material, the seismic ability is poor, so in the earthquake fortification zone above 7 degrees, the total height of the brick structure building, the transverse wall spacing, the setting of the ring beam and the local size of the wall, are put forward some restrictions and requirements, must be considered in accordance with the seismic design code. In addition, in order to enhance the overall stiffness and stability of the building, it is also required to improve the strength grade of masonry mortar and use reinforced concrete constructional columns if necessary. Reinforced concrete structural columns are set from a structural point of view, generally located in the four corners of the building, the intersection of the inner and outer walls, stairwell, elevator room and some longer wall middle. The constructional columns must be closely connected with the ring beams and walls to form a spatial framework for the entire building. Thus enhance the stiffness of the building, improve the strain capacity of the wall, so that the wall from brittleness into a good ductility structure, do crack but not fall. During construction, the wall must be built first, and the cast-in-place reinforced concrete column body will be built segment by segment as the wall rises.

Deformation joint

Deformation joints include expansion joints, settlement joints and shock-proof joints. Its function is to ensure that the house can have some free expansion in temperature change, uneven settlement of the foundation or earthquake, in order to prevent wall cracking and structural damage.
Expansion joint
That is, the temperature gap, the main function is to prevent the cracks caused by temperature changes in the house. Generally, starting from the top of the foundation, gaps are reserved along the length direction of the building every certain distance to divide the building into several sections. Because the foundation is buried underground, it is less affected by the temperature, so it does not consider its expansion and deformation. The width of the expansion joint is 20mm ~ 30mm, and the joint should be filled with thermal insulation material, and the spacing is clearly stipulated in the structural specification.
Settling joint
When the height, load and structural form of the adjacent parts of the house are very different and the foundation is weak, the house may produce uneven settlement, resulting in some weak parts cracking. The role of settlement joint is to prevent the uneven subsidence of the building, generally disconnected from the bottom of the foundation (which is also the main difference between the expansion joint and settlement joint), and through the full height of the building. Both sides of the settlement joint shall have foundation and brick walls. The setting principle of settlement joint is:
(1) the complex plane and shape transition of the building;
(2) Large differences in building height and load;
(3) appropriate parts of excessively long buildings;
(4) There are significant differences in compressibility of foundation soil;
(5) Obvious differences in foundation treatment methods;
(6) Different foundation types of buildings and the junction of phased building.
Shock-proof joint
In order to prevent the earthquake damage to the house, the application of seismic joint will be divided into several simple shape, the structure stiffness uniform independent part. The width of the crack is determined according to the height of the building and the seismic intensity of the area, and the minimum crack size is 50mm ~ 70mm. There should be walls on both sides of the seam, and the gap should start from the top of the foundation and run through the full height of the building. In earthquake-proof areas, when the building needs to set expansion joints or settlement joints, it should be treated as shock-proof joints.

Other information

Pressed metal wall
Pressure type metal plate wall refers to the use of a variety of thin steel plate (or other metal plate), after rolling cold bending forming for a variety of cross-section of the wall, has the characteristics of light and high strength, insulation type and non-insulation type.
Aerated concrete walls
There are blocks, exterior wall panels and partition panels. Aerated concrete block wall without effective measures, shall not be used in long-term immersion, dry and wet alternating parts, chemical erosion environment, product surface is often in a high temperature environment above 80℃. When used as an exterior wall, the outer surface should be a protective veneer. Aerated concrete walls can be used as load-bearing walls and non-load-bearing walls. The layout of wallboard adopts three forms according to the characteristics of building structure: horizontal layout wallboard, vertical layout wallboard and assembled large board.
Drywall
Mainly gypsum keel plasterboard, light steel keel plasterboard, reinforced gypsum hollow slab, etc., suitable for middle and low grade civil and industrial buildings in the non-load-bearing internal partition wall.
In addition to the above walls, there are cast-in-place and precast reinforced concrete walls, glass curtain walls and partition walls of various materials and forms.

Wall decoration

Exterior wall decoration
Exterior wall decoration includes veneer, plaster and spray.
Veneer class is in the outer surface of the wall paving granite, marble, ceramic brocade brick (also known as Mosaic) and other decorative materials. The paving method of marble slab is to embed flat iron hooks in the wall and column, make grooves on the top surface of the plate, hook grooves with flat iron hooks, and pour cement mortar in the middle. Another method is to reserve steel hooks in the middle of the wall column, fix the steel mesh with steel hooks, bind the marble slab with steel wire on the steel mesh, and then pour cement mortar in the gap. Ceramic tiles are mainly mounted with cement mortar. The face brick is mainly pasted with polymer cement mortar (adding a small amount of 107 glue to the cement mortar) and special adhesive (such as 903 glue).
External wall plaster is divided into ordinary plaster and decorative plaster two categories. Common plastering includes the use of cement mortar on the exterior walls. The decorative plastering includes the processing of artificial stone, artificial stone, artificial stone chop and bush-drawing ash.
Spray type finish construction is simple, cheap, and has a certain decorative effect. In addition, the appearance of the brick wall is only pointed, not for other decoration of the wall called water wall.
Interior wall decoration
The interior wall decoration can be generally divided into four categories, namely, veneer, plaster, spray and pasting.
Veneer including marble SLATE, prefabricated water grinding SLATE, ceramic tiles and other materials, mainly used in the hall and decoration requirements, high health requirements of the room; Spraying practices include painting, spraying and other practices; Paperhanging includes plastic wallpapers and wallpapers. One is to apply plastic coating on the base paper or cloth, and the other is to press a layer of plastic wallpapers on the base paper or cloth.

Quantity of work